Development of durable and flexible KNN piezoelectric materials: toward an alternative to lead-based ceramics and fluorinated polymers
The project aims to develop lead-free and PFAS-free (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances) piezoelectric thin films based on potassium sodium niobate (KNN) that are compatible with flexible substrates, in direct response to the growing regulatory and environmental constraints affecting conventional piezoelectric materials. PZT ceramics (lead titanate-zirconate) and PVDF polymers (polyvinylidene fluoride), which currently dominate the market, have significant limitations related to lead toxicity and the environmental persistence of PFAS, respectively. In this context, identifying sustainable and integrable alternative materials is a strategic priority for the CEA, particularly for flexible electronics applied to medical, embedded, and sustainable devices.
KNNs are among the most promising alternatives due to their high piezoelectric properties and high Curie temperature. However, their integration in the form of thin films remains severely limited by crystallization temperatures exceeding 600 °C, which are incompatible with polymer substrates. The project’s objective is to overcome this barrier by developing an innovative sol-gel combustion deposition process, enabling localized or global crystallization at low temperatures (<350 °C), compatible with flexible substrates. Beyond the KNN system, this approach could constitute
Development of red and RGB µLEDs for microdisplays and high-speed communication
Background: MicroLEDs (µLEDs) are a promising technology for the development of high-brightness mini-displays (such as augmented reality glasses or smartwatches). Measuring less than 20 µm in size, these µLEDs are produced by etching a planar structure on sapphire that incorporates InxGa1-xN quantum wells. The emitted wavelength is directly tuned by the indium content x of the quantum wells (x ˜ 15% for blue, 25% for green, 35–40% for red). While nitride semiconductors offer excellent performance in the blue spectrum, efficiency drops sharply as the size of the µLEDs decreases. To overcome this issue, an innovative approach involves microwire technology with a core-shell geometry. This architecture preserves emission efficiency regardless of size and enables data transmission at GHz speeds (technology developed by the Grenoble-based startup Aledia). Despite their strong potential, core-shell microwire LEDs still face a major scientific challenge: achieving red emission. Indium incorporation remains limited to 25%, a threshold insufficient to reach red. This technological bottleneck is currently hindering the emergence of RGB trichromatic µLEDs. Our team has achieved pioneering results in this field, where we created the first InGaN core-shell quantum well at 15% for blue emission and 25% for green emission. Despite these advances, the challenge of achieving red emission remains.
Objectives: A new idea has emerged to go beyond 25% of In-content for core-shell microwire technology and thus aim for the first demonstration of red emission, which led to a patent application in 2025. Preliminary results have proven very promising results, and we wish to continue this work through a thesis with the three main objectives:
- Demonstrate red emission by varying the geometric parameters of the microwires (diameter, etc.)
- Produce red µLEDs
- Produce trichromatic RGB µLEDs in a single growth run
Collaborations: This project relies on close collaboration with the LTM (Laboratory of Microelectronics Technology) for the fabrication of GaN microwire arrays via etching process. Epitaxial studies of core/shell LEDs will be conducted at CEA’s PHELIQS facility using the MOCVD epitaxial setup, incorporating structural and optical analyses. The final step aims to fabricate microwire-based µLED devices using the expertise developed at the Néel Institute via the NanoFab cleanroom.
Why join this project? To gain expertise in epitaxy, semiconductor physics, and optoelectronics. To work in a dynamic and collaborative environment closely linked to the industrial sector. To contribute to the development of next-generation µLEDs for micro-displays and GHz communications.
PhD Funding: This thesis project is funded by the UGA’s Labex “µelectronics.”
Sharper Structural Insight in Nanoelectronics with Dark-Field X-Ray Microscopy
Dark-field X-ray microscopy (DFXM) is an emerging, non-destructive synchrotron technique capable of imaging strain and crystalline defects with 30–100 nm resolution over large fields of view. Recent upgrades at the ESRF and the ID03 beamline have increased X-ray intensity by two orders of magnitude, enabling investigation of the most challenging nanoscale structures produced in cleanroom environments. This PhD aims to exploit DFXM for the analysis of advanced microelectronic architectures subjected to critical thermo-mechanical stress. DFXM will provide 3D mapping of strain, orientation and buried defects in complex devices without sample destruction. A comparative study will be performed against complementary local X-ray techniques also available at synchrotron facilities such as Laue microdiffraction and scanning X-ray diffraction microscopy. Multi-scale correlations will be established with TEM and Raman spectroscopy. Finite-element simulations will support interpretation by modelling the mechanical behavior under thermal or operational loads. The objective is to define a robust methodology for multiscale strain analysis in microelectronics devices.
This PhD will take place at the CEA–Leti on the Nanocharacterization platform and is embedded in a strong ESRF@ID03 collaboration and supports advances in quantum technologies, photonics and energy-efficient microelectronics. This work will contribute to improved reliability and design optimization of next-generation devices.
Orbitronics: time scales involved in orbital to charge conversion processes
Orbitronics is an emerging research field spanning condensed matter physics and materials science to electrical engineering that focuses on the study and manipulation of the electron's orbital angular momentum (OAM). The key idea is to use the OAM of electrons as a means to store, transfer, and process information, similar to how spintronics leverages the electron's spin. Importantly, OAM can be generated by a wide range of material systems and with theoretically much higher efficiency than its spin counterpart, using cheap, environmentally friendly and abundant lightweight elements. Orbitronics thus has both a fundamental interest and technological perspectives that provide an innovative and multidisciplinary framework.
Here, we are targeting oxide interfaces as a rich playground to explore Rashba physics in 2D electron gases (2DEG) and in particular its ability to confert spin or orbit to charge via the Orbital Inverse Rashba Edelstein effect. The LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface provides an ideal playground to explore this physics and in particular parameters such as crystal orientation and the (LaAlO3) tunnel barrier. These properties will be studied at low-temperature as angular momentum is injected in the dc regime by the spin Seebeck effect. The study will be extended to the ultra-fast regime of the orbital to charge conversion using ultra-fast laser-induced demagnetization of a magnetic layer deposited on top and the measurement of the resulting THz emission. Here, we want to identify the parameters responsible for the decrease in efficiency at the picosecond timescale noted in the first THz emission measurements. Our final aim is to measure the timescales associated to hot electrons and spin/orbital diffusion in this system, which will be the main activity of the PhD student.
Thermodynamic and transport properties of Fe-Ni alloys in the Warm Dense Matter regime
Warm Dense Matter (WDM) lies at the intersection of condensed matter physics and
plasma physics. In particular, it is characterized by temperatures comparable to those of the
Fermi level (1,000 to 10,000 K) and densities on the order of those of solids. In this
state of matter, a thorough understanding of the phase diagram and transport properties, such as
electrical conductivity, is crucial for modeling the magnetospheres of rocky planets,
hydrodynamic instabilities encountered in inertial confinement fusion experiments,
or during giant impacts, such as the one believed to have formed the Moon from the collision between
Earth and Theia.
For several years now, the Laboratory for Matter under Extreme Conditions at CEA DAM Île-de-France developed
an experimental facility (Pulsed Plasma Chamber—EPP) dedicated to the study of WDM. Using
pulsed-power discharges with very high currents (20–500 kA), this experimental facility enables the investigation of
changes in the thermodynamic and transport properties of matter as it transitions from the solid state to
the plasma state over time scales of the order of hundreds of nanoseconds. Very recently, these experiments
have been carried out using an X-ray synchrotron source to evaluate the electronic state density of the plasmas encountered in the EPP experiments.
This PhD will focus on the study of thermodynamic and transport properties of a
binary iron-nickel alloy within a pressure-temperature range associated with giant impacts. To this end, experiments will be conducted both at the CEA DAM Île-de-France site and at a synchrotron facility in order to investigate the thermodynamic, optical, and transport properties of Fe-Ni. The experimental data collected will then be compared with quantum molecular dynamics simulations that provide information, in particular, on the electronic states observed during the experiments. Finally, new theoretical approaches, based on the experimental and numerical results, will need to be proposed in order to improve the modeling of this type of alloy in the WDM regime.
How defects nucleation affects the the fracture on the SmartCut process
The SmartCut™ technology is widely used in microelectronics for the fabrication of innovative substrates, such as SOI (Silicon-on-Insulator).
The physical phenomena underlying SmartCut™ technology remain one of principal interest of our research. Optimizing the fracture stage is a major focus in our laboratory and in our collaboration with Soitec. Salomon's PhD thesis (expected completion December 2026), the development of post-fracture surface analysis protocols highlighted the link between the evolution of cristalline defects that cause fracture (platelets) and post-fracture surface roughness. We were thus able to characterize the early stages of platelet growth and determine their main characteristics (size and density). This had previously only been achieved through complex characterizations based on TEM observations.
Now that we have highlighted the impact of platelets on post-fracture surface roughness, the next step is to investigate and identify ways to control their nucleation using new processes. This will also involve optimizing the post-fracture state of SOI substrates.
Modeling the CSS growth of CsPbBr3
Lead-halide perovskites, particularly CsPbBr3, are emerging as promising materials for X-ray detection in medical applications. This technology requires their deposition in thick layers (>100 µm), and close-space sublimation (CSS), initially developed by CEA-Liten, has shown highly encouraging results. However, this process remains poorly understood at the microscopic scale, and the relationship between microstructure and performance remains a major scientific and industrial challenge.
This thesis, in partnership with the SIMAP laboratory, aims to develop a comprehensive thermodynamic model of the CSS process. The candidate will (i) experimentally generate the essential thermodynamic data for modeling, (ii) simulate growth mechanisms, and (iii) validate them experimentally using dedicated instrumented growth furnaces and advanced characterization techniques. Machine learning tools will be implemented to establish predictive correlations between deposition parameters and layer properties.
The results will enable optimization of CsPbBr3 growth for more sensitive and stable X-ray detectors, with a strong impact on medical imaging. This work will also provide opportunities for high-impact publications and patents in a highly competitive field.
Impact of ultrasound on the flow properties of complex suspensions
Nuclear industry generates radioactive wastes of various nature such as solids, liquids but also sludges coming from effluent treatment facilities or historical residues stored in pool or tanks. The physico-chemical nature of those sludges leads to a complex flow behaviour making it difficult to handle and convey prior their immobilization in a conditioning matrix. In order to fluidize these suspensions of varying compositions, the mechanical action of power ultrasound is envisaged. It has recently been shown, thanks to a set-up coupling power ultrasound and rheology, that it is possible to significantly reduce the yield stress and viscosity of the slurry by applying ultrasound. The aim of this thesis is to pursue the studies already undertaken (physical chemistry, microstructure, ultrasound and rheology) on reconstituted sludge or simplified model suspensions, focusing more specifically on two aspects. The first, more fundamental, will aim to gain a better understanding of the interaction between power ultrasound and matter, with a particular focus on the origin of the effects observed (interfaces vs. volume). The second aspect will be more applied, with the development of original larger-scale experimental devices capable of generating flows closer to industrial situations. For this phD work, we are looking for a motivated, serious and curious candidate. Given the multidisciplinary character of the subject, mixing physics, physico-Chemistry and experimental development, the candidate could valorize his new skills in various industrial fields such as nuclear, civil engineering and depollution domain.
The thesis will be conducted in a laboratory at CEA Marcoule, which provides the scientific, technical, and human resources necessary to carry out the research. Short stays are planned at the physics laboratory of ENS Lyon. This PhD topic, combining both fundamental understanding and applied aspects, offers dual career prospects: either pursuing a postdoctoral position or entering a career in industry.
Measurement and modelling of the chemical activity of complex fluid components in hydrometallurgy
Modern extraction processes rely on the optimal use of complex fluids, the detailed understanding of which remains too empirical. To overcome this, new multi-scale simulation software packages are being developed, with one of the unknowns at the mesoscopic scale, where the aggregation of molecules, interface structures, etc. are not well understood. Chemical activity is key here, as it controls exchange and transfer processes. Understanding it allows these software packages to be validated. It must therefore be possible to measure and analyse it reliably for each component, particularly volatile ones. We proposed to do this by measuring their partial pressures. An initial version of a microfluidic device was developed and patented, which allows the partial pressures of volatile components to be measured simultaneously by infrared spectroscopy in a hollow waveguide. This experimental prototype device has been validated on simple systems. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate the application potential of this unique tool for the simulation and rapid development of processes, focusing on important concrete cases, both from an experimental and modelling point of view. This type of study would be completely new and would make it possible to experimentally verify the stability predictions of complex fluids for the first time.
The PhD student will first need to update the microfluidic brick. He/she will then use it to measure the chemical activities of the aforementioned complex fluids and will work with Jean-François Dufrèche to test/validate/further develop the software packages. Secondly, at NTU in Singapore and under the co-supervision of Professor Alex Yan Qingyu (https://personal.ntu.edu.sg/alexyan/ ), he/she will use the duplicate microfluidic platform currently being assembled to apply these results to the rapid development of a process for extracting a critical metal from recycled electronic components from printed circuit boards (SCARCE joint laboratory).
Expected results: publications, proprietary software package and possible patents on the new processes developed.
An electrochemical flow microreactor for a greener synthesis of gold nanoparticles
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) possess unique electronic, photonic, and chemical properties of invaluable interest in a variety of medical and technological applications. They are typically produced by controlled chemical precipitation from a salt solution to achieve the precise size control critical for most applications. Continuous flow microreactors, which efficiently mix the salt solution and the reducing agent, are known to offer improved size control. However, even in these reactors, the smallest AuNPs can only be formed using powerful reducing agents that are harmful to human health or the environment. We propose to minimize their impact and to develop a more resource-efficient process by inserting an electrochemical cell into the reactor to form the reducing agent in-situ in the adjusted amount necessary to produce the desired AuNPs.
Your goal will be to test and adapt continuous-flow electrochemical cells for the synthesis of AuNPs, exploring various electrochemical reactions and cell designs. You will also explore the use of several capping agents of biological interest. A careful examination of AuNPs characteristics (size, interfacial and optical properties, etc.) will guide you in this research.